#include<iostream.h>
inline float mul(float x, float y)
{
return(x*y);
}
inline double div(double p,float q)
{
return(p/q);
}
int main()
{
float a=12.345;
float b=9.82;
cout<<mul(a,b)<<"\n";
cout<<div(a,b)<<"\n";
return 0;
}
Output--->
#include"stdio.h">
#include"conio.h"
void main()
{
float avg,sum=0,count=0;
int i,n,a;
printf("Enter n no. values: ");
printf("\nEnter values:");
for(i=1;i<=i;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a);
sum=sum+a;
if(a==0)
{
avg=sum/(i-1);
printf("\nAverage of %d No's. before 0: =%.1f",i-1,avg);
}
}
getch();
}
#include"stdio.h"
#include"conio.h"
void main()
{
int i,n,a,sum=0;
printf("Enter n no. values: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter values: ");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a);
sum=sum+a;
}
printf("\n Sum of %d is= %d",n,sum);
getch();
}
#include"stdio.h"
#include"conio.h"
void main()
{
int i,n=10,a,sum=0;
printf("Enter 10 Number Values:\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a);
sum=sum+a;
}
printf("\nSum of 10 Number is= %d",sum);
getch();
}
#include"stdio.h"
#include"conio.h"
void main()
{
int i,n,a,sum=0,x;
printf("Enter n Digit Number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
x=n;
printf("\nReverse of %d number is: ",x);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
a=n%10;
n=n/10;
printf("%d",a);
}
printf("%d",n);
getch();
}
#include"stdio.h"
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,i,n=30;
printf("Odd value till 30 are: \n\n");
a=30/2;
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
if(i%2==1)
{
if(i==1)
printf(" ");
else
printf("%d ",i);
}
}
getch();
}
#include"stdio.h"
#include"conio.h"
void main()
{
int i,n,a,sum=0,x;
printf("Enter n Digit Number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
x=n;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
a=n%10;
n=n/10;
sum=sum+a;
}
sum=sum+n;
printf("\nSum of %d numbers=%d",x,sum);
getch();
}
#include#include void main( { float avg,sum=0; int i,n,a; printf("Enter n no. values: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\nEnter marks"); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { scanf("%d",&a); sum=sum+a; } avg=sum/n; printf("\naverage marks=%.1f",avg); getch(); }
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,k,n;
printf("enter the no. '<20'");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=n-i;j++)
{
printf(" ");
}
for(k=1;k<=2*i-1;k++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
Output-->
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("Enter the Three Number:\n");
printf("First Number:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("Second Number:");
scanf("%d",&b);
printf("Third Number:");
scanf("%d",&c);
if((a>b)&&(a>c))
printf("\n%d is greatest than other two's.",a);
else if((b>a)&&(b>c))
printf("\n%d is greatest than other two's.",b);
else
printf("\n%d is greatest than other two's.",c);
}
OutPut---->
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int num,i;
long int fact;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a No. for finding factorial\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
if(num<0)
{
printf("\n%d Factorial Not Defined.\n",num);
}
else
{
fact=1;
for(i=1;i<=num;i++)
{
fact=fact*i;
}
printf("\n%d Factorial=%d\n",num,fact);
}
}
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a,b,temp;
clrscr();
printf("Enter Two No.: ");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
printf("\nEntered No. are: ");
printf("%d %d",a,b);
temp=a;
a=b;
b=temp;
printf("\n\nSwapped No. are: ");
printf("%d %d",a,b);
}
Output-------->
#include<stdio.h>;
main()
{
int num,n,sum,r;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a Number for Armstrong Check\n\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
n=num;
sum=0;
while(n!=0)
{
r=n%10;
sum=sum+r*r*r;
n=n/10;
}
if(sum==num)
printf("\n %d is an Armstrong no. \n",num);
else
printf("\n %d is not an Armstrong No.\n",num);
}
% archie stringThis will query the archie server for all known systems that have a file named string in their FTP area. Archie will wait, and print out any matches. For example,
% archie emacswill find all anonymous FTP sites in the archie database that have files named emacs somewhere in their FTP area. This example query would probably return many directories.
% archie -c emacsThe most important options are:
-c Search substrings paying attention to upper & lower case.
-e Exact string match. (This is the default.)
-r Search using a regular expression.
-s Search substrings ignoring the case of the letters.
-t Sort the results inverted by date.A regular expressions, such as,% archie -r '[xX][lL]isp'uses a matching template, in this case, matching xlisp, Xlisp, xLisp, and XLisp. If you list a single `-' by itself, any further arguments will be taken as part of the search string. This is intended to enable searching for strings that begin with a `-'.
% archie -s - -oldwill search for all filenames that contain the string `-old'.
| The Telnet Protocol The Telnet protocol is often thought of as simply providing a facility for remote logins to computer via the Internet. This was its original purpose although it can be used for many other purposes. It is best understood in the context of a user with a simple terminal using the local telnet program (known as the client program) to run a login session on a remote computer where his communications needs are handled by a telnet server program. It should be emphasised that the telnet server can pass on the data it has received from the client to many other types of process including a remote login server. It is described in RFC854 and was first published in 1983. Commands The telnet protocol also specifies various commands that control the method and various details of the interaction between the client and server. These commands are incorporated within the data stream. The commands are distinguished by the use of various characters with the most significant bit set. Commands are always introduced by a character with the decimal code 255 known as an Interpret as command (IAC) character. The complete set of special characters is | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| There are a variety of options that can be negotiated between a telnet client and server using commands at any stage during the connection. They are described in detail in separate RFCs. The following are the most important. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Options are agreed by a process of negotiation which results in the client and server having a common view of various extra capabilities that affect the interchange and the operation of applications.Either end of a telnet dialogue can enable or disable an option either locally or remotely. The initiator sends a 3 byte command of the form IAC, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Associated with each of the these there are various possible responses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| For example if the sender wants the other end to suppress go-ahead it would send the byte sequence255(IAC),251(WILL),3The final byte of the three byte sequence identifies the required action.For some of the negotiable options values need to be communicated once support of the option has been agreed. This is done using sub-option negotiation. Values are communicated via an exchange of value query commands and responses in the following form. IAC,SB,,1,IAC,SEandIAC,SB,,0, For example if the client wishes to identify the terminal type to the server the following exchange might take place Client 255(IAC),251(WILL),24 Server 255(IAC),253(DO),24 Server 255(IAC),250(SB),24,1,255(IAC),240(SE) Client 255(IAC),250(SB),24,0,'V','T','2','2','0',255(IAC),240(SE) The first exchange establishes that terminal type (option number 24) will be handled, the server then enquires of the client what value it wishes to associate with the terminal type. The sequence SB,24,1 implies sub-option negotiation for option type 24, value required (1). The IAC,SE sequence indicates the end of this request. The repsonse IAC,SB,24,0,'V'... implies sub-option negotiation for option type 24, value supplied (0), the IAC,SE sequence indicates the end of the response (and the supplied value). |
/usr/local/bin/perl. It's OK if you're running Windows; most Perl code is platform-independent.first.pl:#!/usr/local/bin/perl
print "Hi there!\n";(Traditionally, first programs are supposed to say
Hello world!, but I'm an iconoclast.)perl first.pl. You should see:Hi there!
The
\n indicates the ``newline'' character; without it, Perl doesn't skip to a new line of text on its own.print function is one of the most frequently used parts of Perl. You use it to display things on the screen or to send information to a file (which we'll discuss in the next article). It takes a list of things to output as its parameters.print "This is a single statement."; print "Look, ", "a ", "list!";
A Perl program consists of statements, each of which ends with a semicolon. Statements don't need to be on separate lines; there may be multiple statements on one line or a single statement can be split across multiple lines.
print "This is "; print "two statements.\n"; print "But this ",
"is only one statement.\n";'This is a test.' "Hi there!\n"
The difference between single quotes and double quotes is that single quotes mean that their contents should be taken literally, while double quotes mean that their contents should be interpreted. For example, the character sequence
\n is a newline character when it appears in a string with double quotes, but is literally the two characters, backslash and n, when it appears in single quotes.print "This string\nshows up on two lines.";
print 'This string \n shows up on only one.';(Two other useful backslash sequences are
\t to insert a tab character, and \\ to insert a backslash into a double-quoted string.)$i or $abacus. You assign a value to a scalar by telling Perl what it equals, like so:$i = 5;
$pie_flavor = 'apple';
$constitution1776 = "We the People, etc.";You don't need to specify whether a scalar is a number or a string. It doesn't matter, because when Perl needs to treat a scalar as a string, it does; when it needs to treat it as a number, it does. The conversion happens automatically. (This is different from many other languages, where strings and numbers are two separate data types.)
$apple_count = 5;
$count_report = "There are $apple_count apples.";
print "The report is: $count_report\n";The final output from this code is The report is: There are 5 apples..* and / symbols, by the way.)$a = 5;
$b = $a + 10; # $b is now equal to 15.
$c = $b * 10; # $c is now equal to 150.
$a = $a - 1; # $a is now 4, and algebra teachers are cringing.You can also use special operators like ++, --, +=, -=, /= and *=. These manipulate a scalar's value without needing two elements in an equation. Some people like them, some don't. I like the fact that they can make code clearer.$a = 5; $a++; # $a is now 6; we added 1 to it. $a += 10; # Now it's 16; we added 10. $a /= 2; # And divided it by 2, so it's 8.
Strings in Perl don't have quite as much flexibility. About the only basic operator that you can use on strings is concatenation, which is a $10 way of saying ``put together.'' The concatenation operator is the period. Concatenation and addition are two different things:
$a = "8"; # Note the quotes. $a is a string. $b = $a + "1"; # "1" is a string too. $c = $a . "1"; # But $b and $c have different values!
Remember that Perl converts strings to numbers transparently whenever it's needed, so to get the value of
$b, the Perl interpreter converted the two strings "8" and "1" to numbers, then added them. The value of $b is the number 9. However, $c used concatenation, so its value is the string "81".@. You define arrays by listing their contents in parentheses, separated by commas:@lotto_numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6); # Hey, it could happen.
@months = ("July", "August", "September");The contents of an array are indexed beginning with 0. (Why not 1? Because. It's a computer thing.) To retrieve the elements of an array, you replace the
@ sign with a $ sign, and follow that with the index position of the element you want. (It begins with a dollar sign because you're getting a scalar value.) You can also modify it in place, just like any other scalar.@months = ("July", "August", "September");
print $months[0]; # This prints "July".
$months[2] = "Smarch"; # We just renamed September!If an array doesn't exist, by the way, you'll create it when you try to assign a value to one of its elements.
$winter_months[0] = "December"; # This implicitly creates @winter_months.Arrays always return their contents in the same order; if you go through
@months from beginning to end, no matter how many times you do it, you'll get back July, August and September in that order. If you want to find the length of an array, use the value $#array_name. This is one less than the number of elements in the array. If the array just doesn't exist or is empty, $#array_name is -1. If you want to resize an array, just change the value of $#array_name.@months = ("July", "August", "September");
print $#months; # This prints 2.
$a1 = $#autumn_months; # We don't have an @autumn_months, so this is -1.
$#months = 0; # Now @months only contains "July".Hashes are called ``dictionaries'' in some programming languages, and that's what they are: a term and a definition, or in more correct language a key and a value. Each key in a hash has one and only one corresponding value. The name of a hash begins with a percentage sign, like
%parents. You define hashes by comma-separated pairs of key and value, like so:%days_in_month = ( "July" => 31, "August" => 31, "September" => 30 );
You can fetch any value from a hash by referring to
$hashname{key}, or modify it in place just like any other scalar.print $days_in_month{"September"}; # 30, of course.
$days_in_month{"February"} = 29; # It's a leap year.If you want to see what keys are in a hash, you can use the
keys function with the name of the hash. This returns a list containing all of the keys in the hash. The list isn't always in the same order, though; while we could count on @months to always return July, August, September in that order, keys %days_in_summer might return them in any order whatsoever.@month_list = keys %days_in_summer;
# @month_list is now ('July', 'September', 'August') !The three types of variables have three separate namespaces. That means that
$abacus and @abacus are two different variables, and $abacus[0] (the first element of @abacus) is not the same as $abacus{0} (the value in abacus that has the key 0).print "Hello world!\n"; # That's more like it. # This entire line is a comment.
for. When you use the for function, you specify a variable that will be used for the loop index, and a list of values to loop over. Inside a pair of curly brackets, you put any code you want to run during the loop:for $i (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) {
print "$i\n";
}This loop prints the numbers 1 through 5, each on a separate line.
.. to specify a range of numbers. You can write (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) as (1 .. 5). You can also use arrays and scalars in your loop list. Try this code and see what happens:@one_to_ten = (1 .. 10);
$top_limit = 25;
for $i (@one_to_ten, 15, 20 .. $top_limit) {
print "$i\n";
}The items in your loop list don't have to be numbers; you can use strings just as easily. If the hash %month_has contains names of months and the number of days in each month, you can use the keys function to step through them.for $i (keys %month_has) {
print "$i has $month_has{$i} days.\n";
}for $marx ('Groucho', 'Harpo', 'Zeppo', 'Karl') {
print "$marx is my favorite Marx brother.\n";
}for() - to write a small, useful program. Everyone loves money, so the first sample program is a compound-interest calculator. It will print a (somewhat) nicely formatted table showing the value of an investment over a number of years. (You can see the program at compound_interest.pl)$interest = int (($apr / 100) * $nest_egg * 100) / 100;
$apr / 100 is the interest rate, and ($apr / 100) * $nest_egg is the amount of interest earned in one year. This line uses the int() function, which returns the integer value of a scalar (its value after any fractional part has been stripped off). We use int() here because when you multiply, for example, 10925 by 9.25%, the result is 1010.5625, which we must round off to 1010.56. To do this, we multiply by 100, yielding 101056.25, use int() to throw away the leftover fraction, yielding 101056, and then divide by 100 again, so that the final result is 1010.56. Try stepping through this statement yourself to see just how we end up with the correct result, rounded to cents.
1 which is followed by another 1 might be changed. Transmitting Manchester encoded data with a modulation ratio of 10% permits a modification attack on all bits.| GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.org | ||||
| browser | | server |
| HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-type: text/html Set-Cookie: name=value (content of page) | ||
| browser | | server |
Set-Cookie only if the server wishes the browser to store a cookie. Set-Cookie is a request for the browser to store the string name=value and send it back in all future requests to the server. If the browser supports cookies and cookies are enabled, every subsequent page request to the same server will include the cookie. For example, the browser requests the page http://www.example.org/spec.html by sending the server www.example.org a request like the following:| GET /spec.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.org Cookie: name=value Accept: */* | ||
| browser | | server |
Set-Cookie: name=newvalue line in response of a page request. The browser then replaces the old value with the new one.Set-Cookie line is typically not created by the base HTTP server but by a CGI program. The basic HTTP server facility (e.g. Apache) just sends the result of the program (a document preceded by the header containing the cookies) to the browser.document.cookie is used for this purpose. For example, the instruction document.cookie = "temperature=20" creates a cookie of name temperature and value 20.UserID A9A3BECE0563982D www.goto.com/
WEAT CC=NC%5FRaleigh%2DDurham®ION= www.msn.com/Since I live in Raleigh, N.C., this makes sense.